வாழ்நாள் சாதனையாளர் தெளிவத்தை ஜோசப் - எஸ்.கமலதாசன்

tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; njsptj;ij N[hrg;

(07.09.2011 Gjd;fpoik eilngwtpUf;Fk; nfhlNf rhfpj;jpa tpUJ tpohtpy; tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; nfsut tpUJ ngWk; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fspd; Ik;gJ tUl ,yf;fpa gzp - xU ghu;it)

Rg;igah fkyjhrd; (nghfte;jyhit)

,e;jpah njhopyhsu;fis mbikfshf njd; Mgpupf;fh> lhd;rhdpah> cfz;lh> gu;kh> tpal;ehk; Nghd;w ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;j fhyk;. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpfhyk; ,yq;ifapYk; epytpa me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1824 Mk; Mz;L fz;ba gpuNjrj;jpy; Nfhg;gp gapu; nra;if Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,yq;iff;F tUk; $ypj; njhopyhsu;fs;> gapw; nra;if fhyj;jpw;F kl;Lk; jq;fpapUe;J njhopy; GuptJk; gpd; ,e;jpahTf;F jpUk;gp nry;tJkhf ,Ue;jpUe;jdu;. 1839f;F gpw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; Njapiy gapu; nra;ifapdhy; epue;ju njhopyhsu;fs; ,yq;iff;F Njitg;gl;ldu;. mg;nghOJ ngupa fq;fhzpfshy; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l njhopyhsu; FOkk;; kiy gpuNjrq;fspy; FbNaw;wg;gl;L ngUe;Njhl;l gapu; nra;ifapy; <LgLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; ,d;Wtiu jq;fis ngUe;Njhl;l gapu;nra;ifapy; <LgLj;jpAk; tUfpwhu;fs;. ,yq;ifapy; ,t;thwhdnjhU ,U E}w;whz;L tuyhw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;w ,k; kf;fs; gy Nghuhl;lq;fSf;Fk;> rthy;fSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; jq;fsJ cupikfis cWjp nra;J nfhz;L “kiyafk;”  vd;w jdpj;Jt milahsj;Jld; Njrpak; vd;W NgRksTf;F tsu;r;rp fl;lj;jpid va;jpapUf;fpwhu;fs;. 

,d;W kiyafk; vd;w jdpf;FOkk; “Njrpak;” vd;w nfhs;isfSldhd cupikf;Nfhuiy Kd;ndLf;fpwJ vd;why;  ntWkNd kiyaf tuyhw;wpy; jlk; gjpj;j murpay; jiyikfspdhy; kl;Lky;y. ,t;thwhdnjhU mzptFg;Gf;F  mbehjkhf vOj;jhsu;fSk; ,Ue;jhu;fs;  vd;why; mjpy; kpifapy;iy.

,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fhyj;ij fhl;Lk; fz;zhbahf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;ghu;fs;. Fwpj;j fhyr;#oiy> mr;Roy;rhu; tho;tpay; mk;rq;fis Gjpa jiyKiwapdUf;F vLj;Jfhl;Lfpd;w ,yf;fpak; vd;fpw fhz;zhbapid Mf;Fgtu;fshfTk; my;yJ fz;zhbahfTk; gpujpgypg;gtu;fshf vOj;jhsu;fs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; ,Ue;Jk; tUfpwhu;fs;. mjw;F <oj;J ,yf;fpaKk; mjpy; xU tFjpahf ,Uf;fpd;w kiyaf ,yf;fpaKk; tpjptpyf;fhf mike;Jtpltpy;iy.

kiyafj;ij rhu;e;j vOj;jhsu;fs; kiyaf tho;f;ifr; #oypy; epfOk; mtyq;fis kiwj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; %Ljpiuapid fpopj;njwpe;Jtpl;L gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhzutpy;iynad;why; ,d;W ,t;thwhdnjhU jdpj;Jt milahsk; vd;gJ kiyaf r%fj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiu Nfs;tpf;FwpahdjhfNt mike;jpUf;Fk;.

kiyafj;jpy; rpy vOj;jhsu;fs; murpay; njhopw;rq;f nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshfTk;  (Nfh.eNlirau;> rp.tpNtYg;gps;;is ,u.rptypq;fk; Nghd;wtu;fs;) ,Ue;J nfhz;L jq;fsJ tpopg;Gzu;T gpurhuq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk;  njhopyhsu;fspd; Jd;gpay; tho;tpidAk; ntspf; nfhzu;e;jdu;. rpy vOj;jhsu;fs;  murpay; njhopw;rq;f nraw;ghLfspD}lhf gq;fspg;G nrYj;jhJ vOj;Jj;Jiwapy; khj;jpuk; kiyaf gpur;rpidfis ntspAyFf;F Kd;itg;gjpy; Kidg;Gld; nraw;gl;L te;Js;sdu;. mjpy; vd;.v];.uhikah> njsptj;ij N[hrg;> rhuy; ehld; Nghd;Nwhiu Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,d;W ,e;j gl;bay; ePz;L nfhz;L nry;tJk; mwpe;jNj.

<oj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kiyaf ,yf;fpak; vDk;NghJ mjid tsu;j;njLj;jtu;fshf vj;jidNah Ngu; vk;kj;jpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; jw;nghOJ “tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; tpUJ” ngWk; kiyafj;jpd; %j;j vOj;jhsu; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs; gw;wpAk; mtuJ vOj;J gzp gw;wpAk; rw;W cw;W Nehf;FtJ mtrpakhfpwJ.

Gidfij (rpWfij> ehty;) vd;Dk;NghJ ‘epyg;gpuGj;Jt mikg;G khw;wj;jpdhw; Njhd;wpa kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;jpd; ,yf;fpa FuNy Gidfij’ vd;W Nguhrpupau; fh.rptj;jk;gp mtu;fs; jdJ E}ypy; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

Gidfijapd; rpWfij tsu;r;rp fl;lj;jpid 1850 njhlf;fk; 1925 Kjw;fl;lkhfTk;;> 1926 – 1945 tiu ,uz;lhk; fl;lkhfTk;> 1945 njhlf;fk; 1960 tiu %d;whtJ fl;lkhfTk; 1960f;Fg; gpd; ehd;fhk; fl;lkhfTk; tFf;fyhk;. (jkpopy; rpWfij tuyhWk; tsu;r;rpAk; - ng.Nfh.Re;juuh[d;> Nrh.rptghjRe;juk;) ,jdbg;gilapy; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ <oj;jpy; ehd;fhk; fl;l gpuptpdUf;Fs; cUthfpa Gidf;fij vOj;jhsu;fSs;> kiyaf ,yf;fpak; gw;wpa myfpid Gul;Lk;NghJ jtpu;f;f Kbahj gf;fkha; ,Ug;gtu; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs;.

rpy Neuq;fspy; jw;NghJ tFj;Js;s <oj;J ,yf;fpa rpWfij> ehty; tuyhw;wpy; kiyaf Gidf;fij vOj;jhsu;fs; mq;fkhf nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;F fhuzk; tlf;F> fpof;F ,yf;fpaj;jpid khj;jpuk; <oj;J ,yf;fpakhf rpyu; fUjpaikNa. ,e;j $w;wpid gpw;fhyj;jpy; Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp mtu;fis Nghd;wtu;fSk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L <oj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;jpidAk; cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gJk;; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;Lf;$wf;$baNj.

kiyaf vOj;jshu;fshdtu;fs; %d;W tifg;gLtu;. kiyafj;jpy; Njhl;l njhopyhspapd; gps;isahf gpwe;J tho;NthL tho;thf kiyaf tho;tpaiy czu;e;J vOJgtu;fs; xU tifapdu;.

kiyafk; vd;w vz;zf;fUit Nfl;lwpe;J tpsq;fp Jd;g Jauq;fis njupe;J (Ma;T nra;J) mjd;%yk; kiyafk; gw;wpa ,yf;fpak; gilf;Fk; gpwgpuhe;jpa vOj;jhsu; ,d;ndhU tifapdu;. ,tu;fshy; kiyafk; gw;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; gilf;fg;gl;lhYk; mjpy; ve;j mstpw;F kiyaf kf;fspd; tho;T capNuhl;lk; ngWfpwJ vd;gJ Muhag;gl Ntz;baitNa. MdhYk; kiyaf ,yf;fpak; vDk; Ma;tpy; kiyafk; gw;wpa gpwgpuhe;jpa vOj;jhsu;fspd; gilg;Gfs; gw;wpa Ma;Tk; mtrpakhfpwJ.

kw;nwhU tifapdu; mjpfhu tu;f;fj;jpid Nru;e;jtu;fs; (cau; njhopy; Gupgtu;fs;) kiyaf #oypy; tho epu;ge;jpf;Fk;NghJ mtu;fNshL tho;e;j mDgtq;fspd; czu;Tfspy; vOj Kidgtu;fs;. ,tu;fsJ ,yf;fpa gilg;ghdJ Nkyjpfhupfspd; rhu;ghf> epu;thfk; rhu;ghf mtu;fis NkYau;j;jp fhl;l JzpAk; ,yf;fpakhf mikayhk;.

Mdhy; Mrpupau; (je;ijahu;) FLk;gj;jpd; top te;j xUtu; kiyaf kf;fspd;ghy; epd;W mtu;fspd; Jd;g Jauq;fis gw;wp vOJtnjd;gJ rw;Wf; fbdkhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNeuj;jpy; vjpu;g;GfSk; mjpfkhfNt Nkw;fpsk;Gk;. ,jid vijANk nghUl;gLj;jhJ tpjptpyf;fhf vOj;Jg; gzpia Nkw;nfhz;ltNu njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs;. me;jtifapy;; kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mtupd; gq;fspg;G NkYk; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. ,jw;F fhuzk; me;j (je;ijahu;) Njhl;lj;Jg;gs;sp  Mrpupau; yaj;jpd; njhq;fy; tPl;by; FbapUe;jJ fhuzkhftpUf;ff;$Lk;.

,t;thwhdnjhU jPtpu vOj;Jg;gzpf;F ,tu; kiyafj;jpy; tho;e;j tpjKk; %yf;fhuzkhf mike;jpUf;fyhk;. 1920 fspy; kiyaff; fy;tp gw;wp ru;r;irfs; ntFthf Nkw;fpsk;gj; njhlq;fpd. gpupl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;j gpur;rpid vjpnuhypj;jjd; fhuzkhf Njhl;l epu;thfpfs; ghlrhiyfis mikj;J mjid muRf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd NkYk; typAWj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupaf;FOf;fs; ,yq;iff;F mioj;J tug;gl;ldu;. (njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fspd; Neu;fhzy; - %d;whtJ kdpjd;)

mf;FOf;fspy; xUtuhf te;jtNu N[hrg; mtu;fspd; je;ij re;jdrhkpgps;is mtu;fs;. mtu; Mrpupau; (thj;jpahu;) njhopypid Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mtu; trpg;gjw;F Njhl;l njhopyhsu;fs; thOk; yaj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;ld. njhopyhsu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; mNj ya tho;f;if> ngw;NwhUld; Nru;j;J vl;L Ngu; me;j ,uz;L miwfspy;; tho;e;j mDgtk; ,tiu ,t;thwhd vOj;J gzpf;F J}z;bapUf;fpwJ vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ,jid mtUk; jdJ Neu;fhzy;fspy; nrhy;ypapUf;fpd;whu;.   

njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fspd; FLk;gr;#oyhdJ> gJis Cth fl;ltis vd;w Njhl;lj;jpy; re;jdrhkp gps;is> gupG+uzk; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ,uz;lhtJ gps;isahf 1934.02.16 jpfjpad;W gpwe;jtNu N[hrg; mtu;fs;. Qhdg;gpufhrk; (%j;jtu;)> re;jdrhkp> Nrtpau;> ghf;fparhkp (gupG+uzd; - vOj;jhsu;) Mfpa ehd;F rNfhjuu;fSk;> mUiknry;tp (tlfiu – Fk;gNfhzk;) vd;w rNfhjupAk; ,tuJ cld; gpwg;Gfshtu;. 28.08.1968 ,y; nfhOk;G fpNuz;gh]; vd;w ,lj;jpy; tho;e;j kupa#ir nyf;uhd; vd;gtUf;Fk; jpNurk;khs; vd;gtUf;Fk; gpwe;j gpNyhkpdh &ngsh vd;gtiu tho;f;ifj; Jizha; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;L jpNurh (jpNurh – G\;guh[;)> Njhk]; uNk]; (Njhk]; uNk]; - `pkhyp)> jpnkhjp utPe;jpud; (jpnkhjp utPe;jpud; - m&]pah)> njf;sh rpahksh (njf;sh rpahksh – Nltpl;) MfpNahUf;F nghWg;Gs;s je;ijahfTk;> Mu;j;jp> ue;jPuh> nuh]huh> mk;wh> rpj;uh> mjPg;> rpy;tpah MfpNahUf;F md;G jhj;jhthfTk; ,Ue;J tUf;fpd;whu;.

jw;NghJ jdpahu; epWtdk; xd;wpy;; fzf;fhsuhf ,Uf;Fk; mNjNtis ,jw;FKd; ];lhu; nfhd;ngf;]dup vDk; ghupa epWtdj;jpYk; fzf;fhsuhfTk; gzpGupe;Js;shu;.

NgRk;glk; vd;w rQ;rpifapy; ghu;j;j glq;fspy; cs;s gpbf;fhj fhl;rpfis ‘ntl;Lq;fs; ntl;Lq;fs;’ vd;w gFjpf;F ghlrhiy fhyj;jpNyNa vOjp mDg;Gk; gof;fk; ,tUf;Fz;L. ‘v];.N[hrg; - Cth fl;ltis> Mypvy’ vd;w ngaupy; gy fbjq;fis gpuRupj;jpUe;jd. ,t;thW Muk;gkhdNj ,tuJ vOj;Jg;gzp. mjid njhlu;e;J 1955 ,y; mtuJ mz;zd; Qhdg;gpufhrk; (vOJtpidQu;) njhopy; epkpj;jk; gJisapd; ,d;ndhU Njhl;lkhd njsptj;ijapy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; fhyj;jpy; mtUf;F xj;jhiraha; mtUld; ,Ue;j Xa;T Neuq;fs; mtiu vOj;Jg;gzpf;F ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wJ.

1960 Mk; Mz;by; jkpo;thzdpd; fy;fz;L vd;w ,jOf;F “ghy;fhug; igad;” vd;w fij vOjpaDg;gpapUe;jhu;. ,JNt ,tuJ ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; rpWfijahFk;. mdhy; mJ filrptiuAk; gpuRupf;fg;gltpy;iy. jkpofj;jpypUe;J [p.ckhgjp mtu;fs; elhj;jpa ckh vd;w khj ,jOf;F> mt;tpjopd;; ml;ilg;glj;Jf;fhd fijapid vOjpapUe;jhu;. ghijapy; fple;j thiog;goj;Njhypy; tOf;fp tpOk; thypgidAk; mijg; ghu;j;Jf; FWk;ghfr; rpupf;Fk; ,uz;L ,sk; ngz;fisAk; Rl;b epw;Fk; me;j fijapd; ngau; “thiog;goj; Njhy;” ,JNt gpuRukhd mtuJ Kjy; fij. ,jw;F gpwF ‘khia’ ‘moF’ Mfpa fijfis Nkhfd; mtu;fs; elj;jpa fjk;gk; vd;w ,jo; gpuRupj;jpUe;jJ.

N[hrg; mtu;fs; njsptj;ij Njhl;lj;J Mrpupau; (thj;jpahu;) mNjhL gFjp Neu vOJtpidQuhf (Njhl;lj;J fhupahya fpshf;fu;) njhopy; Gupa Muk;gpj;j fhyj;jpy; tPuNfrupapy; gpuRkhd Njhl;l kQ;rup vDk; gFjpf;F ‘ngaNuh ngau;’ vd;w fl;Liuapid vOjpapUe;jhu;. ghlrhiy tuT ,lhg;gpy; khztu;fspd; ngau;fis nfhr;irg;gLj;Jk;> rPuopf;Fk; KiwNflhd rk;gtq;fSf;F vjpuhd fl;LiuaJ. Njhl;l kQ;rupapy; gpuRukhdJ njsptj;ij N[hrg; vd;w ngaUld;. md;wpypUe;J njsptj;ij N[hrg; Mdhu;.

50fspd; filrpapy; njhlq;fpapUe;jhYk; 1963 fspNyNa ,yf;fpaj;Jiwapy; jlk; gjpj;J gyuhYk; mwpag;gl;ltuhdhu;. 1963 Mk; Mz;by; tPuNfrup elhj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy; ,tuJ rpWfijahd ‘ghl;b nrhd;d fij’ Kjyplj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. ghl;b nrhd;d fij goq;fij vd;W Gwe;js;sptplKbahJ. ,d;iwa #oypYk; ,e;j ghl;bapd; fij gyUf;F mtrpakhfj;jhd; ,Uf;fpwJ. mNjNghy 1963 ,y; kiyKuR elj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy; ‘ehkpUf;Fk;ehNl’ vd;w rpWfijAk; Kjyplk; ngw;wJ. 1964 ,y; tPuNfrup elhj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapYk; ,tuJ ‘gok; tpOe;jJ’ vd;w rpWfij Kjyplj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJk; ,d;Dk; gpugykila njhlq;fpdhu;. ,jd; gpd;du; ,yf;fpa cyfpy; ,tu; ngau; gut njhlq;fpaJ. me;jtifapy; ghu;f;fpd;wNghJ njsptj;ij N[hrg; vd;gtiu ,yf;fpa cyFf;F mwpKfk; nra;J itj;J ngUik tPuNfrupiaNa rhUk;. ,jd; gpd; 1965 ,y; tPuNfrup rpWfij Nghl;bia elj;j jpl;lkpl;lJNk ,k;KiwAk; “njsptj;ij N[hrg; vOJfpwhuh vd;w Nfs;tpfs; $l vOe;jJ. mjdhy; vd;id eLtu; FOtpy; mg;NghJ mjw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j tPuNfrupapd; Jizahrpupau; jpU.fhu;Nkfk; mtu;fs; ,izj;J tpl;lhu;” vd;W mtuJ jpdfud; Neu;fhzy; xd;wpYk; njuptpj;jpUe;jhu;. mt;thwhdnjhU ,lj;jpid jf;f itj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. tPuNfrupapy; cjtp MrpupauhfTk; kiyehl;L vOj;jhsu; kd;w nrayhsuhfTk; ,Ue;j jpU. v];.vk;.fhu;Nkfk; mtu;fs; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fis kl;Lky;yhJ kiyafj;jpy; vOj;jhu;tk; kpf;f gyiuAk; ,J Nghy Cf;Ftpj;jpUf;fpwhu;> ,yf;fpa cyfpw;F mwpa nra;jpUf;fpwhu; vd;gJk; kwf;fg;glf;$lhJ.

tPuNfrup elhj;jpa %d;whk; ehd;fhk; kiyaf rpWfij Nghl;bfspy; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fspd; rNfhjuuhd ghf;fparhkp vd;fpw gupG+uzd; ,UNghl;bfspYk; ,uz;lhk; ,lk; ngw;wJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tPuNfrup elj;jpa ehd;F rpWfij Nghl;bfspYk; Kjy; %d;W ,lq;fs; ngw;w rpWfijfis njhFj;J fijf;fdpfs; vd;w E}ypid fhu;Nkfk; mtu;fs; njhFj;jspj;Js;shu;.

,tuJ rpWfijahd gbg;....G+ vd;w fijapidAk; 1962 ,y; tPuNfrupNa gpuRupj;jpUe;jJ. 2009 tiu vOjpa (fle;j 2 tUlq;fshf ,tuhy; rpWfij vOjg;gl tpy;iy) mtuJ 66 rpWfijfspy; 16 rpWfijfis gpuRupj;J mtuJ ,yf;fpa tho;Tf;F tPuNfrup ngupJk; cWJizhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. tPuNfrup kl;Lky;yhJ Vida Clfq;fSk; ,NjNghy jq;fsJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUf;fpwJ vd;Nw $w Ntz;Lk;.

jpdfud;> jpdf;Fuy;> nra;jp> rpe;jhkzp> N[hjp> Mfpa gj;jpupiffSk;> fiykfs; kiyg;nghwp> kiyKuR> NjdUtp>  ky;ypif> fjk;gk;> Xiy> mQ;ryp> jkpoKJ> khzpf;fk;> nrskpak;> %d;whtJ kdpjd;> Kfpy; Nghd;w rQ;rpiffSk; ,tuJ rpWfijfis gpuRupj;j ngUik ngWk; mNjNtis rpwe;j gq;fspg;gpidAk; ey;fpAs;sJ.

66 rpWfijfs; vOg;gl;bUe;jhYk; ,Jtiuapy; 11 rpWfijalq;fpa ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl vd;w xNunahU rpWfij njhFg;G khj;jpuNk ntspte;Js;sJ. ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl vd;w rpWfij njhFg;G itfiw ntspaPl;bdhy; 1979 Mk; Mz;by; ntspte;jJ. ,jid Kd;epd;W ntspf;nfhz;L te;jjpy; K.epj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fspd; gq;F msg;gwpaJ. ,e;j rpWfij njhFg;G 1979 Mz;by; mur rhfpj;jpa tpUJ ngw;wpUe;jJ. kiyafj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf mur rhfpj;jpa tpUJ ngw;wtu; njsptj;ij N[hrg; vd;gJk; nrhy;yg;glNtz;baNj. ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ,t;tpUjpid ePq;fs; epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fSf;F  mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhfTk;  mwpaf;fpilf;fpd;wJ.

,yf;fpa cyfpy; mLf;fLf;fhf vj;jidNah gilg;Gfis ntspapl;Lk; jq;fsJ ,yf;fpa ,Ug;gpid jf;fitj;J nfhs;tjw;F rpukg;gLgtu;fs; kj;jpapy; xNunahU rpWfij njhFg;gpid khj;jpuk; ntspapl;l ,tUf;F rpwe;j rpWfij vOj;jhsu; vd Ngrg;gLfpwJ> nfsutk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;why; ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl vd;w E}y; thrfupilNa nrd;wile;j tpjKk; mjdhy; Vw;gl;l kdf;fpsu;TNk fhuzkhf mikAk;. gilg;Gf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; khj;jpuk; xUtupd; MSik jq;fpapUf;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; ,tu; %yk; mwpaf; $bajhfNt cs;sJ.

,d;W ,yf;fpa cyfpy; miu E}w;whz;il fle;jpUf;Fk; ,tu; 1972f;F gpwF 1984 tiu xU rjhg;jj;Jf;Fk; Nkyhf vOjtpy;iy vd;gJk; midtuhYk; mwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. 1960fs; vg;gb ,yf;fpa tsr;rpapy; Kf;fpa tUlkhf fUjg;gLfpwNjh> Gidf;fijfs; [duQ;rf> nysfPf fijfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;L kdpjdpd; tho;tpay; Jauq;fis nrhy;y njhlq;fpaNjh mNjastpw;F vOj;jhsu;fs; Ngid gpbg;gjw;F gae;j fhyKk; mJthfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. Kw;Nghf;F vd;w Nghu;itapy; Kw;Nghf;F rhuh vOj;jhsu;fis fLikahf rhb tpku;rpj;J Klf;fpNa itj;jpUe;j fhyfl;lkJ.

,tu; 1963 fspy; vOjj; njhlq;fp 1970fspy; nfhOk;gpw;F Gyk;ngau fhuzkhftpUe;jJk; ,tuJ ,yf;fpa gilg;GfSf;F te;j vjpu;g;GfSk;> capu; mr;RWj;jy;fSk;> tpku;rdq;fSNk. mt;thwhdnjhU tiygpbf;Fs; khl;bf; nfhs;shJ njhlu;r;rpahf vOjpapUe;jhYk; 1972 f;F gpw;gl;l fhyk; ,tiu vOj;Jj;JiwapypUe;J rw;Nw epWj;jpj;jhd; itj;jpUe;Js;sJ. kPz;Lk; 1984,y; vOj Muk;gpj;jtu; jilfs; gy fle;J rhjid gy gilj;J ,d;W tho;ehs; rhjidahsu; tpUJ ngUkstpw;F jdJ vOj;Jg; gzpapid nra;J tUfpd;wtu;.

tPuNfrup gj;jpupifapy; ntspahd ,tuJ Kjy; rpWfijahd ‘gbg;...G+’ kiyaf kf;fsplk; epytpa ghlrhiy fy;tp gw;wpa myl;rpa Nghf;fpid vLj;Jf; fhl;LtjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ.

mjw;F gpwF ‘aho;g;ghz tpNuhjf;fhud;” vd;W tpku;rpf;fg;gl;l ‘Nrhjid’ vd;w fijAk; ghlrhiy fy;tp gw;wpajhfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; ,J tUl filrpapy; khztu;fis tFg;Ngw;Wtjw;F ‘,d;];ngf;lu;’ tUfpw ehspy; thj;jpahu;fs; NghLk; Nghyp ehlfq;fis mk;gyg;gLj;jpaJ. mg;nghOJ thj;jpahu;fshf aho;g;ghzj;jtu;fs; ,Ue;jjhy; ,tu; aho;g;ghzj;Jf;F vjpuhf vOJfpwhu; vd;W fijfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. me;j fij aho;g;ghz thj;jpahu;fSf;F vjpuhfNt vOjg;gl;ljy;y vd;gij Rl;b fhl;bs;sijAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. %d;whtJ kdpjd; Neu;fhzypy; (xf;Nlhgu; - brk;gu; 2001) “ehd; aho;g;ghzj;jtu;fspy; ed;kjpg;igNa nfhz;bUe;Njd;. ‘gJisf;F gbf;f te;j gpwF vdf;Fg; ghlk; nrhy;ypf; nfhLj;j Mrpupau;fs; aho;g;ghzj;jtu;fNs. jpUthsu;fs; nghd;dk;gyk;> rpd;da;ah> KUNfR> Njhk]; Mfpatu;fis vd;dhy; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ. mtu;fs; fw;Wj;je;j jkpo;jhd; vd;id capu;g;gpj;jpUf;fpwJ”  vd;W ed;wpAld; epidT $Ufpd;whu;.  

,tuJ rpWfijfspy; “mJ”> “capu;”> “ypy;yp” Nghd;wit tpyq;Ffs; gw;wpait. ‘mJ’ xU Fuq;F gw;wpa fijahfTk;> eha;Fl;b gw;wpa fijahf capUk;> ypy;yp khL xd;wpd; fijahfTk; mike;jpUe;jJ. ‘mtdtd; nrj;J kbfpwhd; njsptj;ij vd;d vd;why; tpyq;Ffis gw;wp vOjpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;’ vd;w tpku;rdKk; tuj;jhd; nra;jJ. xU vOj;jhsdhy; kl;LNk gy; gupkhzq;fspy; ,Ue;J ,yf;fpaj;jpid gilg;ghf;fk; nra;aKbAk;. mg;gbahd ,yf;fpaj;jpid gilg;gtNd capNuhl;lkpf;f vOj;jhsd; Mfpwhd;. rpwe;j vOj;jhsdhy; kl;LNk rpwe;j ,yf;fpa thrfdhy; kl;LNk ghu;f;fpd;w midj;ijAk; ,yf;fpakhf nfhs;sKbAk;. me;jtifapy; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs; rpwe;j vOj;jhsu; vd;gij ,e;j fijfspD}lhf ep&gpj;jpUf;fpwhu;.

tpyq;Ffis gw;wp vOjpa ,tu; ,e;j fijfspD}lhf kOq;fpg; Nghd kdpj tpOkpaq;fisAk; nrhy;tjw;F jtwtpy;iy. Ngupdthj xLf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf Fuy; nfhLj;j ,tuJ ,yf;fpak; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf midj;J ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fisAk; xUNru jtwhdtu;fshf $wptpl KbahJ vd;gijAk; ‘capu;’ vd;w fijapy; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtUf;Fk;> rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl Ntz;ba> rpyuplk; ,Uf;fpd;w xUikg;ghl;ilAk; njspthfNt tpsf;fpAs;shu;. capu; vd;w fij kl;Lky;yhJ ‘Rtu;’ vd;w rpWfijAk; ,dj;Jt xUikg;ghl;bid vLj;Jf;$WtjhfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ. xU ,be;JNghd RtUf;Fs; ,dj;Jt xUikg;ghl;il tpsf;Ftnjd;gJ mtuJ ,yf;fpa gilg;gpd; cWjp jd;ikf;F rhd;W gfu;fpd;wJ.

‘capu;g;G’ vd;w rpWfij xUtUf;F Vw;gLk; gy;typ gw;wpa fij. thrpg;gtu;fis gy;typf;Fs; ,g;gb xU jj;Jtkh  vd;W tpaf;f itf;fpwJ. ‘jPl;L nuhl;b’ vd;w fij rhjp vd;w Nghu;itapy; ,sRfspd; cs;sq;fis Gz;gLj;Jk; mtyj;jpid rpj;jpupf;fpwJ. ‘kz;izj;jpd;W’ vd;w fijapy; kiyaf ngz;fs; tWik fhuzkhf grpf; nfhLikapd; fhuzkhf tpiyg;NghFk; mtyk; kpf eh#f;fhf nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. ,t;thW ,tuJ xt;nthU gilg;ghf;fKk; xt;nthU gpur;rpidfis Rl;bf; fhl;LtjhfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

,tuJ rpWfij jiyg;GfNs rw;W rpe;jpf;fj; J}z;LtjhfTk;> tpj;jpahrkhdjhfTNk mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ghy;fhug;igad;> khia> moF> gbg;….G+> ghl;b nrhd;d fij> ,J 12 MtJ> tpLjiy> Cd;WNfhy;> moF njupe;jJ> Nghypj;jpUg;jp> ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl> fk;gspj;Jz;L> eh> fhl;Lg;G+> tho;T te;jhy;> tQ;rk; fiue;jJ> rPu;j;jpUj;jk;> mJ> ght rq;fPu;j;jdk;> jPl;L nuhl;b> gok; tpOe;jJ> $dy;> Cuhd; gps;is> Gy;> Gupatpy;iy> kdpju;fs; ey;ytu;fs;> Nrhjid> ypy;yp> filrpNtis> gPyp NkNy NghfpwJ> gpuhar;;rpj;jk;> rpYit> kPd;fs;> fzf;F> tuTf;nfhU gw;W> fj;jpapd;wp uj;jkpd;wp> NtW topapy;iy> vf;]Pkh> xU Njhl;lj;Jg; igad;fs; glk; ghu;f;f Nghfpwhu;fs;> Nghypfs;> kz;izj;jpd;W> gazk;> xU Gjpa capu;> epidTfs;> mtUk; ehDk;> ghu;it> vq;fSf;fhf Ntz;bf; nfhs;Sk;> ge;J> nghl;L> capu;> mk;kh> Ntypfs;> nrj;Jg; NghFk; nja;tq;fs;> ,d;DnkhU> g];]pypUe;J> ehlfk;> capu;g;G> eufk;> ,q;NfAk; xU ,NaR> Rtu;> koiy> ,Ug;gpay;> ,Wkhg;G> rhk;gy;> ke;jpuf;Nfhy;> Njhy;tp Mfpaitfis mitahFk;. 

kiyaf ehtypyf;fpaj;jpy; ,tUila tfpghfj;jpid MuhAk;NghJ ,w;iwtiu 1967,y; vOjg;gl;L E}YU ngwhj fhjypdhy; my;y> 1972 ,y; vOjg;gl;L 1974 ,y; ntspte;j fhyq;fs; rhtjpy;iy> 1995 ,y; vOjp 2010 ,y; ntspte;j Filepoy; 1996 ,y; vOjp jw;NghJ ky;ypag;G re;jp jpyfu; mtu;fspd; ghf;ah gjpg;gfj;jpd; ntspaPlhf tutpUf;Fk; ‘ehq;fs; ghtpfshf ,Uf;fpNwhk;’ Mfpa ehd;F ehty;fSk;>   1966 ,y; vOjp fjk;gk; gpuRupj;j ghyhap> 1966 ,y; fiykfspy; ntspahd ‘QhapW te;jJ’> 1969 ,y; jpdfud; gpuRupj;j kdk; ntSf;f Mfpa FW ehty;fSk; ,tuhy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j %d;W FW ehty;fSk; ghyhap vd;w E}Yf;Fs; mlq;fpapUf;fpd;wd.

‘fhjypdhy; my;y’ vd;w ehty; kiyaf Njhl;l Gwj;jpypUe;J nfhOk;G Nghd;w efu;Gwk; Nehf;fp tUfpd;w ,isQu;fs; nfhOk;gpd; ehfuPf nraw;ghLfSf;Fs; rpf;fp rPuope;J Nghtijf; fhl;LfpwJ.

kiyaf Njhl;lGwq;fspy; cau; gjtpfspy; ,Uf;Fk; Ngupdthj rf;jpfspdhy; ,k;kf;fs; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpidAk;> mtu;fs; kPJ fl;ltpo;j;Jtplg;gl;l mlhtbj;jdq;fisAk; ,iof;fg;gLk; mePjpfisAk;> Coy;fisAk;> rw;W topg;Gzu;Tld;> Kd;Ndw Jbf;Fk; ,isQu; Atjpfs; kPjhd Nghl;b> nghwhik vd;gtiw;iwAk; ghj;jpuq;fs; thapyhf ntspg;Lj;JtjhfNt ,tuJ ‘fhyq;fs; rhtjpy;iy’ vd;w ehty; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. rpyuhy; nra;ag;gLfpw jpahfq;fspdhy; jhd; kiyaf r%fk; tpbit Nehf;fp nry;fpwJ vd;w cz;ikapid fijapd; fjhehafd; MWKfk; %ykhf gpujpgypf;fpwhu;. ,td; rhu; #oy; ntw;wpf;fhf jd; kidtpapd; fw;G Kjw;nfhz;L midj;ijAk; ,oe;J epd;w MWKfk; ntw;wp miltjhfNt nry;fpwJ ,e;j fhyq;fs; rhtjpy;iy vd;fpw ehty;.

‘Fil epoy;’ vd;w ehty; jq;fsJ ,Ug;gplq;fis tpl;L nfhOk;Gf;F te;J tho;fpd;w kj;jpa ju tu;f;fj;ij Nru;e;j kf;fSf;F thlif tPL NjLtjpy; cs;s gpur;rpidia ikakhff; nfhz;lJ. Aj;j fhyj;jpy; mg;ghtp jkpou;fis ngUk;ghd;ikthjpfs; gLj;Jfpw ghLfisAk;> mtu;fs; mDgtpf;fpd;w nfhLikfisAk; vLj;jpak;Gtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J murpay; khw;wk; Fwpj;J rw;W rpe;jpf;f itf;fpwJ. ,e;j ehty; murpay; NgRfpwJ vd;W XupU Gjpd gj;jpupiffs;; gpuRupf;f kWj;J tpl;ld vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. MdhYk; 2010k; Mz;L nfhlNf gjpg;gfk; ‘Filepoy;’ ehtiy E}YUtpy; je;jpUf;fpd;wJ.

‘ehq;fs; ghtpfshf ,Uf;fpNwhk;’ vd;w ehty; 1983 ,df;fytuj;jpid fUthff; nfhz;lJ. ,e;j ehtYk; rpWghd;ikapdj;Jf;nfjpuhf jpl;lkpl;L J}z;btplg;gl;l> fytuk; gw;wpa gjpifahf mike;Js;sJ. nfhOk;gpd; 1983 ,df;fytuf;nfhLikfisg; gjpT nra;fpd;w Kjy; ehty; ,JthFk;. ,e;j ehty; fij vd;gijtpl xU ep[ rk;gtj;jpd; gjpT vd;gNj kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.

,tuhy; vOg;gl;bUf;fpd;w FWehty; %d;Wk; kiyaf kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis %d;Wtpjkhd gpur;rpidfis vLj;jpak;Gtjhf mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ts;Std; mwj;Jg;ghy;> nghUl;ghy;> fhkj;Jg;ghy; vd Kg;ngUk; gpupTfshf tFj;Js;sijg; Nghd;W ,tu; kf;fs; gpur;rpidia Kg;ngUk; gpupTfshf ehtyhf vOjpAs;shu;. ts;Stu; QhapW te;jJ Kjy; FW ehty; tPl;L #oy; gpur;rpidiaAk;> ,uz;lhk; mq;fkhd ghyhap  Njhl;l #oy; gpur;rpidiaAk;> ,Wjpahf tUk; kdk; ntSf;f vd;w  ehty; ehl;L #oy; gpur;rpidAk; ntspf;nfhzu;fpwJ.

‘QhapW te;jJ’ vd;w FW ehty; 1966 Mk; Mz;by; fp.th.n[fe;ehjd; elj;jpa fiykfspy; ntspte;jJ. jpdfud; Mrpupauhf rptFUehjd; flikahw;wpa 1969fspy; jpdfud; kdk; ntSf;f vd;w FW ehtiy gpuRupj;jpUe;jJ. ,JNt jpdfudpy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;l ,tuJ Kjy; gilg;ghFk;. Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Muk;gj;jpy; jdf;F tPuNfrup nfhLj;j mNjasT Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid gpd;dhspy; jpdfud; toq;fpapUe;jjhf njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs; ed;wp gfu;fpwhu;.

 mg;nghOJ 1966 Mk; Mz;by; ghyhap vd;w FW ehty; tPuNfrupapd; Kd;dhs; Mrpupau;fspy; xUtuhd Nf.tp.v];.th]; mtu;fSila Gjy;tuhd Nkhfd; elj;jpa fjk;gj;jpd; jPghtsp rpwg;G ntspaPlhf gpuRupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; vOjpa %d;W FWehty;fisAk; njhFj;J E}yhf 1997 [{iyapy; Jiutp gjpg;gfk; ntspapl;lJ. Jiutp gjpg;gfj;jpd; cupikahsu; Jiu tp];tehjd; mtu;fs; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; kiyafj;jpy; cs;s gy vOj;jhsu;fspd; gilg;GfSf;F E}y; tbtk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jtu;. jw;nghOJ mtuJ kfd; Jiutp.uh[; gpurhj; mtu;fSk; mjid njhlu;fpwhu; vd;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ.

Jiu tp];tehjd; mtu;fs; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; mtuJ Jiutp gjpg;gfj;Jld; ,ize;J Jiutp – jpdfud; gupR rpWfijfs;> kiyaf rpWfijfs;> ciof;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;> Nghd;w E}y;fspdJ njhFg;ghrpupauhfTk; ,tu; ,Ue;Js;shu;. tPuNfrupapd; Jiz Mrpupau; fhu;Nkfk; mtu;fSld; ,ize;J fijf;fdpfs; vd;w E}iyAk; njhFj;Js;s mNjNtis Re;jpu ,yq;ifapd; 50 rpWfijfs; vd;w rpWfijfs; njhFg;gpid njhFj;jtu;fSs; ,tUk; xUtu; vd;gNjhL ,e;j rpWfijj; njhFg;gpy; 50 rpWfijfSs; ,tuJ ‘nghl;L’ vd;w fij ,lk;ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fsJ Ma;Tj;Jiw gug;G vd;gJk; rw;W tpupthf Muhag;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. ,tu; Nkw;nfhz;bUf;fpd;w kpfg;gpujhdkhd %d;W Ma;TfisAk; vLj;J Nehf;Fkplj;J> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;J ,jopay; tuyhW> kiyaf rpWfij tuyhW> kiyaf ehty; tuyhW (jw;NghJ nra;Jnfhz;bUf;fpwhu;) vd;gdthFk;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;J ,jopay; tuyhW vd;gJ ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpNya fhyj;jpy; gj;jpupif thrid Njhw;wk; ngw;wjpypUe;J ,tuJ ,jopay; tuyhWk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpwJ. cja jhuif vd;Dk; gj;jpupiff;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpypYs;s Gjpdj;jhs;fs; njhlf;fk; 2000 Mk; Mz;Ltiuahd gj;jpupiffs;> rpw;wpjo;fs; tiu midj;jpdJ tuyhw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpajhfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ. Ma;tpd; fhyg;gug;G E}WtUlq;fs; vd;gJ Ma;Tj;Jiwapy; ,tuJ Moj;jd;ikf;F rhd;whf mikfpwJ. ,jopay; Jiw rhu;e;j fw;if newpfSf;F ,e;j ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; <oj;J ,jopay; tuyhW vDk; fl;Liuj;njhlu; 2001 – 2002 fhyg;gFjpapy; jpdfud; thukQ;rupapy; njhlu;fl;Liuahf ntspte;jJ. ,J E}y; cUtk; ngUk; gl;rj;jpy;  kpfg;ngUk; rhd;whjhukhfTk;> khztu;fSf;fhd ife;E}yhfTk; mikAk;.

kiyaf rpWfij tuyhW vDk; E}y; kiyaf> kiyafk; gw;wp vOjpa  vOgj;jhW vOj;jhsu;fs; gilg;Gf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;thFk;. ,t;tha;T kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;jpid capNuhl;lkpf;fjhf;Ftjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gNjhL Vida ,yf;fpaq;fNshL kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;ij rPu;J}f;fp ghu;f;fr;nra;Ak; cd;dj nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd mbj;jsNk vd;gjpYk; ,uz;L fUj;jpy;iy.

rpWfij> ehty;> Ma;T vd;gNjhL kl;Lk; epd;WtplhJ ,yf;fpaj;jpy; kw;WnkhU mq;fkhd jpiuf;fij trdk;> thndhyp ehlfq;fspYk; jdJ gq;fspg;gpid nrYj;jpAj;jpAs;shu;. ,yq;ifapd; Gfo; ngw;w Gjpa fhw;W vd;w jpiug;glj;jpw;F jpiuf;fij trdk; vOjpatu; ,tNu. &gth`pdpapy; xspgug;gpa nghfte;jyhit uh[ghz;bad; ebj;j ‘fhzpf;if’ vd;w ehlfj; njhlu; ,tuJ ‘Gupatpy;iy’ vd;w rpWfijahFk;. mij glkhf;f tpUk;gpaNghJ mjw;F jpiuf;fij trdKk; vOjpapUe;jhu;. ,tu; jpiuf;fij trdk; vOjpa ‘Vd; ,e;j cwT’ vd;w jpiug;glk;  fhkpdp nghd;Nrf;fh mtu;fs; ebf;ftpUe;J glG+i[Ald; epWj;jg;gl;lJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. me;j fhyfl;lj;jpy; Planters Association vLf;ftpUe;j jpiug;glnkhd;Wf;F jpiuf;fij trdk; vOjpj;ju Nfl;lnghOJ ve;j fhyj;jpYk; kiyaf kf;fspd; Ruz;lYf;F Jizg;NghFk; Nkyhjpf;f tu;f;fj;Jf;F rhu;ghf vd; ,yf;fpa gilg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s khl;Nld; vd;w vz;zj;jpdhy; mtu;fspd; miog;gpid Gwf;fzpj;jik kiyafk; kPjhd ,tuJ vz;zg;ghl;bid njspT gLj;JtNjhL ,tu; kPjhd kjpg;igAk; ntFthf J}z;LfpwJ.

ftpij gug;gpNy ,tu; Ms epd;wpUf;fhtpl;lhYk; ftpijfs; vOjhkypy;iy. 1965 ,y; <of;Fkhu; njhFj;J ftpij epiyak; ntspapl;l ‘FwpQ;rpg;G+’ vd;w ftpj;njhFg;G E}ypy; “,d;W eP RLtNjNdh”  vd;w ftpijAk;> tPuNfrupapy; ‘fUiz ,oe;Njhk; ehk;’ vd;w ftpijapidAk; ‘N[hU’ vd;w Gidngaupy; vOjpapUe;jhu;. mjw;F gpd; ghyhap vd;w FWehty; njhFjpapd; rku;g;gzj;Jf;fhf jdJ jha; je;ijaiug;gw;wpa ftpijnahd;wpid vOjpapUe;jhu;. ,it %d;WNk ,tuJ ftpij gilg;GfshFk;.  

,tu; ,Jtiu fhyKk; jlk; gjpj;jpuhj Gjpa MSikf;Fs;Sk; jd;id jw;nghOJ cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. Mulk Raj Annad  mtu;fs; vOjpa Two Leaves and a bud vd;w E}ypid nkhopg;ngau;j;J ntspapLk; Kaw;rpapidAk; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwhu; vd;gJ tuNtw;fj;jf;fNj.        

,d;W kiyaf r%fj;jpy; kiyafj;Jf;Nf cupa rpy nkhop eilfspy; ,Ue;J tpyj;jpr; nry;Yk; ghq;Fk; epyTfpwJ. Mdhy; ,tuJ ,yf;fpa gilg;gpid Mo Nehf;Fk;NghJ kiyafj;ij tpl;L kwe;JNghd fiyr;nrhw;fSk; nkhopeilfSk; gilg;Gfs; vq;Fk; ,lj;Jf;Nfw;whw;Nghy; ifahsg;gl;bUg;gjpid fhzyhk;. ,J kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;jpd; ,Ug;gpid NkYk; cWjp nra;tjhf mikfpwJ.

,tu; gpNshkpdh vd;w ngaupy; ,yf;fpa fl;LiufSk;> jpNurh - rpahksh vd;w ngaupy; jpdfuDf;fhd ,yf;fpa Fwpg;GfisAk;> utPe;jpud; - uNk];> jpdfuDf;fhd thuk; xU rpWfij tpUe;J vd;w Mf;fq;fSk;> N[hU vd;w ngaupy; ftpijfSk;>  N[ahu; vd;w Gidg;ngaupy; jpdfuDf;fhd ,yf;fpa jfty;fs; Nghd;wdTk; vOjpAs;shu;.

kiyafj;jpd; %j;j vOj;jhsuhf tyk; tUfpw ,tiu gyUk; gy tpUJfSk; gupRfSk; toq;fp nfsutpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. me;jtifapy; 1963 Mz;L tPuNfrup elhj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy; ghl;b nrhd;dfij vd;w rpWfijf;fhf Kjy; gupRk; mNj Mz;by; kiyKuR elhj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy; ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl vd;w rpWfij Kjyhk; gupRk; ngw;wJ. njhlu;e;J 1964,y; tPuNfrup elj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy; gok; tpOe;jJ vd;w rpWfij Kjyplj;ij jl;br; nrd;wJ. 1996 ,y; gupR Njrpa fiy ,yf;fpa Nguit Rgkq;fsh Mfpad ,ize;J elhj;jpa FW ehtYf;fhd Nghl;bapy; Filepoy; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

Rtu; vd;w rpWfij 1998 ,y; ePjp> murpayikg;G tptfhu> ,d cwT mYty;fs; Njrpa xUq;fpizg;G mikr;R elhj;jpa rpWfij Nghl;bapy;  Kjyplj;ij ngw;wJ vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jftu; jkpo;f; fijQu; tl;lk; elj;jpa 2009f;fhd rpWfij Nghl;bapy; ,Wkhg;G vd;w rpWfij rpwg;G ,lk; ngw;wJ.

nlhkpdpf; [Pth mtu;fspd; ky;ypif vd;w rQ;rpifapy; Kfg;G ml;ilapy; xt;nthU ,yf;fpathjpfspd; glq;fisAk; gpuRupj;J mtu;fis mwpKfk; nra;jpUf;fpwJ. ,J ,yf;fpathjpfs; kj;jpapy; kpfg;ngUk; nfsutj;jpidAk;> ed;kjpg;igAk; ngWfpwJ. me;jtifapy; njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fSf;F 1973 Vg;gpy; ky;ypif ,jopNyNa me;j nfsutj;ij mspj;Js;sJ. mNjNghy; Qhdk; rQ;rpifAk;> 23 mq;fk; mlq;fpa Neu;fhziy njhlu;r;rpahf ,U tUlq;fshf gpuRupj;jJld; gtstpoh rpwg;G kyiuAk; ntspapl;L nfsutpj;jpUe;jJ. Qhdj;jpy; ntspte;j Neu;fhzy; midj;ijAk; njhFj;J E}yhf ntspapLk; Kaw;rpapid Qhdk; Mrpupau; jp.QhdNrfud; mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;L tUtjhf mwpaf;fpilf;fpd;wJ. Qhdk; gj;jpupif ,Jtiu %d;WNgUf;Fkl;LNk gtstpoh kyiu ntspapl;Ls;sJ. mtu;fspy; Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp> v];.nghd;Dj;Jiu mLj;jjhf njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs; vd;gJk; mwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

1979 ehkpUf;Fk; ehNl rpWfij njhFg;Gf;fhf ,yq;if muR mur rhfpj;jpa tpUjpidAk;> 1991 ,y; Cth khfhz ,e;J fyhrhu mikr;R ,yf;fpa nrk;ky; tpUjpidAk;> 1995 ,y; ,yq;if> ,e;J fyhrhu mYty;fs; jpizf;fsk; fyhG+\zk; tpUjpidAk;> 2000 Mk; Mz;by; Njrpa ,d xw;Wikf;fhd rhfpj;jpa nfsut tpUjpid rpYkpd gj;jpupifAk;> kiyaf rpWfij tuyhW vDk; Ma;T E}Yf;fhf 2001 ,y; mur rhfpj;jpa tpUjpidAk;> mNj Mz;by; ,e;E}Yf;fhf rk;ge;jd; tpUjpidAk;> 2003 ,y; ml;ld; Gjpa gz;ghL mikg;G kiyaf rpWfij tuyhWf;fhf vd;.v];.vk;.,uhikah epidTg; guprpidAk;> Nguhjid gy;fiyf; fofk; 2007 ,y; ,yf;fpa tpUjpidAk;> 2008 ,y; vOj;jhsu; Cf;Ftpg;G ikak; ,uhkfpU];zh fkyehafp jkpopay; tpUjpidAk; jkpopay; tpj;jfu; gl;lj;jpidAk; 2009 ,y; Nky; khfhz fiy>fyhrhu mikr;R jkpo; rhfpj;jpa tpUjpidAk; 2009 kj;jpa khfhz jkpo; fy;tp mikr;R Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j kj;jpa khfhz rig jkpo; rhfpj;jpa tpohtpy; rhjidahsu; tpUjpidAk;> 2009 ,y; ml;ld; Md;;kPff; fiy tl;lk; ghujp tpUjpidAk; (kf;fs; vOj;J Nte;jd;)> 2010 ,y;  gJis ept;Ngu;f; FwpQ;rpg; Nguit vOj;J Nte;jd;  vd;w tpUjpidAk; toq;fp nfsutpj;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. mNjNtis 2011 ,y; nfhlNf ntspaPl;;L epWtdk; ‘tho; ehs; rhjidahsu;’ tpUJ toq;fp nfsutpf;fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.

rpwe;j tpku;rfuhfTk;> topfhl;bahfTk; ,Uf;fpd;w ,tuplk; gyUk; Kd;Diufis jq;fsJ E}Yf;fhf ngw;wpUf;fpd;wu;. ,Jtiuapy; 35 E}y;fSf;F Kd;Diu toq;fpAs;shu;. mg;gh> fUfhj gRik> thrhg;G> fre;j Nfhg;gp> mWtilf; fdTfs; Nghd;w ehty; njhFjpfSf;Fk;> fiy xsp> grpah tuk;> Gjpa gazk;> ciof;fg;gpwe;jtu;fs;> Jiutp> jpdfud;> mopAk; Nfhyq;fs;> nts;is kuk;> epyhf;Nfhyk;> Njapiy Njrk;> fhNtup> nrhe;j kz;> ftrq;fisjy;> FjpiufSk; gwf;Fk;> ghf;F gl;il> kiyaf rpWfijfs;> Mfpa rpWfij njhFg;GfSf;Fk;> ghyhap vd;w mtuJ FWehty; njhFg;Gf;Fk;> Njhl;lj;Jf; fjh ehafu;fs; vd;w eilr;rpj;jpu E}Yf;Fk;> kiyaf rpWfij tuyhW vd;w mtUila Ma;T E}Yf;Fk;> mg;Gwnkd;d vd;w ftpij njhFg;G> vd; epidTfSk; ep[q;fSk; ehlf mDgt E}y; xd;wpw;Fk;> kiyNkfk; vd;w eilg;ghtpw;Fk;> neQ;NrhL nfhQ;Rk; ehl;LGwg;ghly;fs; vd;w ehl;lhwpay; E}Yf;Fk; njsptj;ij N[hrg; Kd;Diu vOjpAs;shu;

,yq;if> fdlh> mT];jpNuypah> rpq;fg;G+u; vd gy ehLfSk; ,tiu mioj;J nfsutk; toq;fpapUg;gJ kiyaf ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F fpilj;j mq;fPfhukhfNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

gy vOj;jhsu;fSk; jq;fsJ E}y; ntspapl;Lf;F jiytuhfTk;> fUj;Jiu> rpwg;Giuahw;WkhWk; tutioj;J nfsutg;gLj;jpapUg;gijAk; kwe;Jtpl KbahJ. 1960fspy; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu gyjug;gl;l rpwe;j Kd;ndLg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;w kiyehl;L vOj;jhsu; kd;wj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;J gyiuAk; Cf;Ftpg;gNjhL topfhl;bAk; ,tu; ,Ue;J tUfpwhu;.

njsptj;ij N[hrg; mtu;fs; ,e;jstpw;F Nkd;ikAw mtuJ FLk;gk; ngUk; cWJizahf ,Ue;jpUf;fpwJ. ,yf;fpa #oYf;Nfw;w kidtp> gps;;isfs; vd vy;yhNk mtu; kdk;NghyNt mike;jpUf;fpwJ.

,tuJ gilg;Gf;fis cw;WNehf;Fk;NghJ mtuJ tho;f;if rk;gtq;fs; mtu; gofpa egu;fs; gw;wp rpy rpy ,lq;fspy; fijfspD}L njhl;L fhl;lg;gbUf;fpd;wJ. ,J ,tuJ gilg;GfSf;F NkYk; tYTs;sjhf mikfpwJ. tskhd vOj;jhSik cs;s ,tuJ midj;J gilg;GfSNk E}y; tbtk; ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,Jtiu vOjg;gl;lNjhL epd;WtplhJ ,dpAk; ,tuJ gilg;GfSk; njhlu Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd nraw;ghLfNs ,isa rKjhaj;jpid vOj;Jg;gzpf;F cs;sPu;f;f typNfhYk;.